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There are numerous definitions for Motivation. Wikipedia defines motivation as it is the driving force by which humans achieve their goals and other theorists define Motivation – the process of arousing and sustaining goal-directed behavior.

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Motivation can be internal – explains the variables within the individual gives rise the motivation and behavior, process – accentuates the nature of interaction between the individual and the environment, external – concentrates on the environmental elements to explain behavior.

Low motivation could lead the individual to behave like, incapacitate, poor organizational behavior, low productivity etc. Mainly there are two kinds of motivational theories – process theories and content theories.

Write My Essay- 100% Original Content As McClelland & Maslow suggested content theories elaborate why human needs change with time and suggest that every individual has the same set of needs.

Contrary to this, process theories examine an individual’s cognitive processes. Content theories suggest that we all behave in a similar way so we all can be motivated in same way, whereas process theories suggest that every individual is unique and their motivational process is also unique, which means what motivates one person may not motivate the other. Write My Essay- 100% Original Content

To understand more about content theory we can examine the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Maslow’s theory can be taken ad content theory as it assumes we all can be motivated in a similar way; it is a general model for human motivation.

As depicted in the above diagram, there are five stages of motivation. Maslow explained that humans live by bread alone – if there is no bread. But if there is bread, their desires come into picture. There are needs that every human has, needs like water (physiological), health (safety), and Love (social). But there are needs that are more important in a working environment – needs like promotion (self-esteem).

At the top of the hierarchy is self-actualization, only a small portion of people can achieve this and it is highly impossible for younger individuals. Maslow argues that once we have satisfied a need at one level in the hierarchy, its impact on us decreases and what then wields a more powerful influence is the need at the next level up the hierarchy.

Therefore, a satisfied need is not a motivator anymore and a need in an upper level is not an effective motivator unless a lower motivator has been satisfied. Nevertheless, Maslow does not suggest that having satisfied one need we move on to the next.

Write My Essay- 100% Original Content There are two main criticisms to Maslow’s theory. First of all, it is obscure and cannot predict behaviour and secondly, the theory is said to be culture-bound.

For example: Scandinavian cultures place a higher value on quality of life and social needs and European and Anglo-American cultures place a higher value on productivity, efficiency and individual self-actualization. Therefore, the needs levels can have a different order in different cultures. Write My Essay- 100% Original Content

As an example for process theory we can take Equity theory. . “It argues that the perception of unfairness in a social or organizational setting leads to tension, which in turn motivates the individual to act to resolve that unfairness”. The highest impact on this theory comes from J. Stacy Adams (1965).

As the name might suggest, it “explores the impact of feeling poorly rewarded or indeed the opposite feeling, too well rewarded, on our behaviour at work.

According to this theory, there is an effort-reward ratio, which people use to compare with themselves at another point of time or with their social referents. The effort-reward ratio is calculated by comparing our rewards (such as pay, recognition and many more) and contributions (such as time, effort, ideas and many more) to the rewards and contributions of others.

This social comparison process is driven by our fundamental concern with fairness. When we see that we put in the same effort as our colleagues or individuals in the same work field but receive a lower (or higher) level of reward, we might experience inequity (internal inequity when within the same company and external inequity when outside of company) and therefore de-motivation.