Cancer
Cancer is one of the leading killer diseases in the United States (CDC). Various treatment therapies are used in the management of cancer. These include chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Management of cancer is a long-life process where end of life care is fundamental. Research has underscored the importance of multidisciplinary management of cancer and individualized management of side effects. Cancer diagnosis varies and often depends on medical history and physical examination of the patient. Numerous tests are required to determine whether a patient has cancer. The treatment of cancer is multifaceted. In addition to treating cancer, there are additional non-cancer issues to consider in the treatment of cancer patients such as a patient’s coexistent diseases, health behaviors, and preventive care measures
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In order to diagnose the presence of cancer, a physician must examine a sample of the affected tissues under the microscope. Therefore, when individuals present signs or symptoms of a person suffering from cancer, a physician n perform a biopsy. A biopsy is the surgical removal of a small piece of human tissue for microscopic examination. According to the Stanford medicine, there is no single test that can be used to diagnosis cancer. A complete evaluation of a patient usually requires a thorough history and physical examination of the patient. However, when an individual experiences warning signs of cancer, a physician performs biopsy. A biopsy is the surgical removal of a small section of tissues for microscopic examination. Microscopic examination is used to tell whether a tumor is present and whether it is malignant or cancerous. Basically, there are three ways cells can be removed for biopsy.
Cells ca n be removed through endoscopy, which is the removal of cells by the use of lightened tube. The second process is through needle biopsy in which h a physician takes a small tissue sample by inserting a needle into the abnormal or suspected area. The third process is through surgical biopsy; there are types of surgical biopsies that include excisional and incisional biopsy. An incision is often performed when a doctor removes a portion of the tumor. Once the tumor is detected, it can be removed immediately or during another operation. Once the physician has determined the presence of cancer, he or she will then determine the aggressiveness of cancer or how fast the cancer is growing.
Cancer staging is the process of describing the severity of a person’s cancer based on the primatybo9r original tumor, and whether or not cancer has spread in the body. Cancer staging is important in helping doctors plan the appropriate treatment regimen and estimating a person prognosis. It is important in identifying a person’s prognosis, identifying clinical trials that might be a suitable treatment option for a patient. Cancer staging helps healthcare providers in identifying clinical trials that may suitable treatment option for clients. Cancer staging also help health care providers and researchers to exchange information about clients; it also gives a chance for health care practitioners to exchange information about patients. The staging of cancer has evolved over time. It is common knowledge that cancer cells grow and multiply without control and they do not die when they should. Cancerous cells form a tumor and as the tumor grows, it invades other cells. The staging process of cancer has evolved over time as scientists continue to learn more about cancer. Some of the elements considered in the staging of cancer include the site of the primary tumor, the size of the tumor, the region and lymph nodes involved and the number of tumors involved in the staging.
One of the common of the most common staging method is the Tumor Metastasis Node method or the tumor, nodes and metastasis method. T represents the presence of the primary tumor the region of lymph nodes affected and M the distance of metastasis (Macleod R., 2009). However, not all cells are staged using the TNM system. Some cancers are staged using the Ann Arbor staging classification, which is largely used in the classification of lymphomas. In addition, some cancers do not have a clearly defined staging procedure. The international Federation of gynecology and obstetrics have devised a staging method used to stage cervix, uterus, ovary and vagina and uterus. This system of cancer staging is based on Tumor, Nymphe and metastasis method. Summary staging is also commonly used by some physicians in staging of cancer. This staging method lea…..
