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Monopolar Vs Bipolar Essay
Monopolar and bipolar depressions refer to mental illnesses characterized by disturbances in a one’s mood, thought and behavior. They are what are referred to as affective disorders. Affective disorders are categorized into: depression, which brings about sadness, hopelessness and worthlessness in a victim; and mania, which is characterized by joy, elation and over activity.
The difference between the two illnesses is that bipolar involves two distinct phases, namely a depressive and a manic phase, whereas Monopolar disorder has excessive periods of depression without a manic phase. Monopolar depression is also called unipolar; while bipolar I was formally known as manic depression (Douglass, 2009). Hire Best Essay Writer
Electro surgery is the process of applying a high-frequency electric current to biological tissue in order to cut, coagulate, desiccate, or fulgurate tissue. Bipolar and Monopolar electro surgery is therefore vital as it is used to produce heat to achieve the desired tissue effect. However, only new generation bipolar generators, modes and instruments are recommended as they are safe and are an effective alternative to the Monopolar electro surgery.
Recently introduced was a bipolar technology in the form of a revolutionary hemostasis product. Its working is by fusing the collagen in vessel walls to create a permanent seal on vessels as large as 7mm.
It seals tissue bundles without even having to dissect the vessels. Also in place is a new bipolar vessel sealing generator that transmits energy to the vessel through a vessel sealing instrument (Loeffler & Flckling, 1999). Hire Best Essay Writer
Diagnosis and treatment of these two illnesses continue to be looked into. However there are mood stabilization medications, especially for bipolar depression.
Valproic acid, what is commonly known as Depakote is a drug approved by the FDA used in Mania Treatment. Its effectiveness is comparable to lithium. To get rid of seizures, therapy is prescribed at 10-15 mg/kg/day and increased by 5-10 mg/kg/day every week.
Recently, an anticonvulsant by the name lamotrigine received approval from FDA as a maintenance medication for bipolar disorder. It is commonly known as Lamictal. Initial dose is 50 mg once daily for two weeks, then 100 mg daily in two divided doses for two weeks, after which the usual maintenance dose is 300 to 500 mg daily given in two divided doses.
Molecular Imaging of Hypoxia Essay
Hypoxia is a condition of inadequate O2 to support metabolic processes, which occurs when there is interruption in the vascular supply, or when tissues lose their O2 supply acutely. When healthy cells are extremely deprived of O2, Hire Best Essay Writer they always die. Since tumor cells are increasingly vulnerable, they can have to an adaptation that negatively affects their response to treatment. Tumor cells quickly adapt to hypoxia by decelerating their rate of growth, and standard chemotherapy is lethal to cells at a level relative to growth.
In the article, Krohn, Link, and Mason inform that hypoxia can be measured with a probe that competes directly with intracellular O2, in which the indicator was not trapped when O2 supply was sustaining demand, but was maintained when O2 supply was insufficient to accommodate all of the produced electrons in the electron-transport chain. Using this method, the researchers reported results that indicated that micro-autoradiographs that 14C-labeled derivatives of N-alkyl-2-nitroimidazoles were locked in hypoxic cells that were still alive.
Other methods of measuring Hypoxia include Direct MRI and Optical Imaging. The MRI methods are preferred since they debar the complication of transient radioactivity. Besides, MRI equipment is readily available. Hire Best Essay Writer The MRI method tells apart paramagnetic deoxy-Hb and O2Hb. Results from correct T2* weighted imaging indicate alterations in vascular oxygenation. Using the Optical Imaging method, tissue oxygenation can be evaluated directly using near-infrared oximetry to measure fractional oxygenation of Hemoglobin. When this method is applied on the heart, critical changes in O2 result to stress in the heart while tumors adjust to inveterate hypoxia.
The identification of hypoxic tissues has remedial impacts on the state of several diseases, such as stroke, diabetes and myocardial ischemia. A study based on various sources of literature reveal that the imaging-identi%uFB01ed hypoxia predicts poor survival in several cancer settings. However, Krohn, Link, and Mason argue that the next phase of analyses measuring the prognostic value of hypoxia imaging in neoplasms have to provide substantial data on the level at which it is an autonomous prognostic marker. Hire Best Essay Writer
In conclusion, molecular imaging of hypoxia is clinically significant from two perspectives-it is important in identifying a group of patients who would positively respond to medical interventions aimed at defeating the therapeutic confines of hypoxia, Hire Best Essay Writer and in detailing, via serial imaging, that the medical intervention strategy reduced the magnitude of hypoxic illness.
