Best Essay Writing Services Online
We’ve got you Covered – See Our Sample
Strategies for the Physiome Essay
A mathematical model aids in describing the physical processes and behavior of a system using mathematical equations; often in a simplified manner. A number of experiments implement simple mathematical models in an attempt to catalogue and explain the behavior of a system. However, these models are typically limited to a specific area of the entire system response. In recent years, efforts have been made on the ‘Physiome Project’, which led to the development of more comprehensive models of biological processes. These processes cover a wide range of studies, comprising from ‘subcellular organelles’ to ‘whole organisms’.
Check before you submit. Get Turnitin Score Report in 15 Minutes.
Don't risk the 'Red' score. Get the exact same Turnitin report your professor uses. Join 50,000+ students who submitted their essays with confidence this semester.
Best Essay Writing Services Online The main goal of the ‘Physiome Project’ is to use computational modeling to analyze integrative biological function. This process is achieved by developing a simulation system for hypothesis testing. Currently, an extensive development of cardiovascular, endocrine and nervous system models has been achieved. The overall objective of this thesis is to contribute to the ‘Physiome Project’ by demonstrating a comprehensive integrative model of the pulmonary circulation.
The function of pulmonary circulation is to carry oxygen depleted blood away from the heart to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries. The blood gets oxygenated in the lungs and is sent back to the heart through the pulmonary veins. Inside of the lungs, the main pulmonary artery are divided into smaller arteries which are further subdivided into smaller arterioles over a number of generations.The arterioles have strong muscular walls, which allow them to constrict or dilate, corresponding with the O2/C02levels in blood.
Best Essay Writing Services Online The final generation of arterioles is emptied into the capillary sheet, where the exchange of gases occurs .The oxygenation takes place between blood and airways (alveoli) through the process of diffusion. The venules collect blood from the capillaries and merge into pulmonary veins. Pulmonary veins transport the oxygenated blood to the left ventricle before passing through the left atrium. Once the oxygenated blood reaches the left ventricle it can be distributed to various organs and tissues via the systemic circulation.
Haworth has already developed a large scale model of a dog’s pulmonary circulation. Their research was based on the fundamental physical laws governing fluid dynamics and integrated extant experimental data from the literature. This project will aim to extend the work of Haworth et al (1991) to develop a pulmonary circulation model of a rat with a user friendly interface and perform hypothesis driven simulations. Best Essay Writing Services Online Furthermore, the study will seek to investigate the factors that lead to pulmonary arterial hypertension as a result of exposure to chronic hypoxia in rats.
In the recent past, pulmonary arterial hypertension has been increasingly identified as a significant public health problem. It is characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling, i.e. change in the structural and biomechanical architecture of the pulmonary vessels. Best Essay Writing Services Online Pulmonary arterial hypertension is also associated with persistent vasoconstriction, narrowing blood vessels and medial smooth muscle thickening of the pulmonary arteries. These processes can lead to an increased pulmonary artery pressure and vascular resistance, which will cause a right-sided heart failure.
Chronic hypoxia is often used as an experimental stimulus for invoking pulmonary hypertension and vascular remodeling in rats. Researchers have set forth several hypotheses to explain the biological factors responsible for hemodynamic impact of pulmonary vascular remodeling on chronic hypoxia.
Best Essay Writing Services Online One of the most popular hypothesis is that decreased distensibilty of the pulmonary arterial vessels can be caused by long term exposure to hypoxia. This can also account for an increase in the pulmonary arterial pressure. However, other researchers have suggested that vascular structural changes such as loss of small blood vessels (rarefaction) are primarily responsible for an increase in pressure.
The rat’s pulmonary circulation model will evaluate these hypotheses to form an understanding of the factors responsible for an increased pulmonary arterial pressure with exposure to chronic hypoxia.
Stem Cell Bioethical Dilemmas Essay 2
Introduction
Ethical dilemma is a conflict that arises between two possible actions where one is considered to be sufficiently favorable, and another unfavorable; it can also be defined as a conflict between two ethical principles that tend to balance with each other. Bioethics is a study that considers the moral and ethical side of the controversial issues or advancements in the medical and biological fields. It is concerned with questions that arise between science and philosophy. The dilemmas arise when the credibility of the scientific approach to answering some life phenomenon are questioned.
This essay studies the use of the stem cells in researches and medical treatment, focusing on the bioethical dilemma of creation, treatment, and destruction of the embryos of human species. Best Essay Writing Services Online The essay will study the background, history, and different points of view on the embryo’s stem cells researches, and will present a conclusion whether carrying of such projects is ethical or immoral.
Background
The stem cells were first discovered in 1978, and since then, a lot of researches had been carried out to study the qualities of these cells, and the possibility to use them in medical treatment. Since the stem cells were discovered to develop into any cell, they open new possibilities in the development of new medical remedies for treating different health conditions.
Best Essay Writing Services Online Some of the conditions treated with the use of the stem cells that have tested this application are; treatment of physical trauma, genetic diseases and degenerative conditions. Many other treatments, where the stem cells are used, could potentially be developed in the future due to its ability to repair serious tissue damages (Klimanskaya 252). High level of breakthrough has been shown through research involving the use of adult stem cells. The first human clinical trial was approved in 2009 when the stem cells of an embryo were used.
The controversy
The research on human embryonic stem cell has brought about controversies associated with human life and humanity, taking into account human ethics and the need to bring a solution to certain life phenomenon. With the use of current biomedical technology, the creation of the embryonic stem cell for human species requires destruction of the human embryo.
Best Essay Writing Services Online The debate on stem cell has led to the emergence of movements that are concerned about the rights and the status of the embryo to be a human being since the very moment of conception. These movements view stem cell researches to be a violation of the sanctity of the human life. In fact, it is rather arguable that this process can be tantamount to murder (Panicola 236).
The argument of those who are opposed to carrying out the stem cell research is that human life should not be violated; this is paralleled with their strong belief that human life begins at the point when the female ovum is fertilized by the male sperm cell, and when they form the first single cell.
On the other hand, a portion of the stem cell researchers make use of stem cells that were created, however, were not used in the invitro fertility treatment, in order to create more stem cells. A majority of these embryos are destroyed or stored for a long time, for a time longer than the viable storage time. Approximately, around 400000 of such embryos have been in existence.
Best Essay Writing Services Online This move has given some activists who oppose abortion to rally on support of the human embryonic stem cell research (Jackson 262). Medical researchers largely agree that the stem cell research is potentially able to alter the approach dramatically, understanding and treatment of diseases. Most medical researchers predict that, in the future, it will be possible to make use of technologies obtained from the stem cell researches, to treat a wide range of diseases and medical impairments.
Best Essay Writing Services Online Some of the condition, for which this technology has been championed, includes injuries of the spinal cord and Parkinson’s disease. These have been championed by Christopher Reeve and Michael J. Fox, who have suffered from these illnesses. The medical benefits that have been foreseen from the stem cell research have prompted the urgency of the debate on this very matter, which has been requested by those who support this technology.
Taking into consideration today’s situation in the USA, the National Institutes of Health Guidelines (NIH) gave a statement that the research on the human pluripotent stem cells were going to come up with treatment for many serious diseases and injuries, like Parkinson’s disease, heart disease, multiple sclerosis among many others. The NIH strongly asserts that the potential of stem cell research to come up with the necessary treatments is pursuit worthy of its course. Best Essay Writing Services Online This, they say, will be done with certain ethical standards.
Indeed, in the year 2006, some stem cell researchers were able to obtain stem cells from a mouse embryo without destroying the embryo. If an improvement is done to this technique and its reliability is boosted, then this can be extremely important and can help in providing an answer to the ethical concerns as far as embryonic stem cell research is concerned (Jackson 262).
Another technique that was aired in 2007 by the US and Japan is the method of programming the skin to produce stem cells by the introduction of artificial viruses. The process of obtaining stem cells from the embryos is more complex, and, therefore, with the introduction of this new technique will be much cheaper. Best Essay Writing Services Online However, the method may alter the DNA structure in the newly formed cells leading to cancerous tissues. Therefore, more research will be carried out to study a risk of creating cancerous cell is taken.
Currently there have been clinical trials researching the stem cell usage. They focused on oral lithium or neurological function on the person’s suffering from serious injury of the spinal cord. This has generated its usage from the fact that umbilical blood stem cells may be beneficial for spinal cord injury while lithium may foster regeneration and healing of the spinal cord in case of the spinal cord injury (Panicola 236).
It is argued that embryos are not viable human beings at the time when they are still not able to survive outside the womb. A large number of zygotes do not implant after conception; thus, it would be a waste not to put them into use. Some believe that the embryo are not human beings and that the life of Homo sapiens commence when the heart begin to beat. Best Essay Writing Services Online The embryonic stem cells multiply rapidly and thus only a few are put into useful use, without which many will not be put into any useful application.
Adult stem cells from the same patient’s own body may not be able to cure him/her of his/her genetic disorders, and a transplant from another healthy person may be more viable. Abnormalities of the patient’s DNA caused by toxins and sunlight may not be suitable for treatment of the impairments (Lanza 276).
In the United States in 1973, a case in the Supreme Court concluded that due to inviability of the fetuses when they were not yet able to survive outside the womb, abortion was not a crime if performed for the sake of a woman’s health.
Many questions arise concerning the stem cell research, and application of its results in the medical field. Julian Savulescu put forward several arguments. He claimed that this process is liable to abuse. It does not respect a person’s right to individuality and autonomy. Best Essay Writing Services Online It approves eugenic selection instead. He goes to illustrating the advantages of stem cell research but lays an emphasis on control. His main reason is that if this practice goes on unchecked then someone will be playing God’s role, which is against all moral standards.
In the recent past, a debate of whether to legalize abortion or not has been extremely loud between the world governments and religious leaders. While it is considered to be a crime in accordance to religious settings, some governments have moved to legalize it giving reasons, such as protecting the mother in dire cases. The dilemma here is whether to allow the fetus or the mother to suffer. Best Essay Writing Services Online Some doctors in the past have been in between tough situations of whether to help abort a young girl who still wants to go to school or save her fetus.
Cloning also did not get down well with religion, which believed that creation was solely vested in God’s hands; and, therefore, using science to do an almost equal work would be more of blasphemy. Science, on the other side, did not hesitate to prove their point. Indeed, the controversy becomes vivid when people consider such cases. Both cases may be holding viable arguments but to whom to give the winning point depends on certain country, community or person.
The religious groups do not consent to stem cell researches; their main argument is that it is an immoral act to kill an innocent human creature even if the same is done to help others. The act of using the stem cells differs fundamentally from the doctrine of the Christian church (Bernstein 18). Best Essay Writing Services Online Islam, however, mostly supports some forms of the stem cell research. The Islam knowledge and its tradition of not accepting surrogate motherhood or adoption of embryo prove that Quran supports the stem cell research.
Conclusion
It is rather vivid that advancement in the medical field has led to many questions on whether to accept some things that are brought about in life treatment or not. Stem cell bioethical dilemma is, indeed, a controversy that can still be debated widely. To my mind, the potential of the stem cells use in the medical treatment is crucial, as it can help in curing people of the fatal diseases; however, the process should be put under control, as the extensive and deliberate researches can cause serious problems for the society and safety of people.
